reason of nepal oil cooperration for the incresement of price in fuel

Nepal Oil Corporation (NOC) has increased the price of petrol by Rs 5 per litre effective Sunday. The price of petrol has reached Rs 102 per litre from Rs 97.

A meeting of the board of directors of NOC decided to hike the petrol price on Friday. However, the decision was made public only on Sunday.

NOC said, it was forced to increase the price of petrol as the price of crude oil is increasing in the international market. NOC claimed it was bearing a loss of Rs 0.5 billion per month while selling petrol at the old price.

The price of other petroleum products - kerosene, diesel, cooking gas and aviation fuel - has not been changed.

reason for increasing the price of fuel

"One of the things I think is very important to realize is that the growth in the world oil consumption is not that strong." —David Kelly, chief market strategist, J.P. Morgan Funds;
"...There is substantial evidence that the large amount of speculation in the current market has significantly increased [oil] prices." —U.S. Senate Staff Report, The Role of Market Speculation in Rising Oil and Gas Prices, June 27, 2006

On May 13, the price of a barrel of oil briefly hit a record of $126.98 on the New York Mercantile Exchange The reason was ostensibly that Iran was cutting oil production. But there is no gas shortage. So why are prices still going up?

In late April the American Association of Petroleum Geologists held its annual invitation-only dinner in Dallas for, as my source put it, "the bigwigs" of the energy industry. During this meeting, influential and knowledgeable CEOs reached the consensus that "oil prices will likely soon drop dramatically and the long-term price increases will be in natural gas." Of course, despite the pedigrees of those in attendance, their forming a consensus on the direction of energy prices does not mean that it's written in stone or is even going to happen. The group is clearly bullish on natural gas. But petroleum keeps getting more expensive.

The energy executives' prediction about the future price for crude oil had sound backing. Just a few days earlier, Lehman Brothers (LEH) investment bank had said that this current oil pricing boom was quickly coming to an end. Michael Waldron, the bank's chief oil strategist, was quoted in Britain's Daily Telegraph on Apr. 24 as saying: "[Oil supply] is outpacing demand growth." Waldron added, "Inventories have been building since the beginning of the year. The Saudi Khursaniya field has just opened, with 500,000 barrels a day of production, and the new Khurais field will start next year with a further 1.2 million b/d [barrels a day]

growing demand of petrol in the world

Soon the diesel cars will be dominating the Indian roads. Thanks to the rise in the petrol prices that has gone through the roof. According to the reports of the survey done by rating agency Care, around 90 per cent of the new car sales in the utility auto mobile segment are in the diesel variant, it is further growing in the passenger car segment also. The difference between diesel and petrol prices is a vital factor leading to the growth of the diesel car segment. The report also revealed that the government will not decontrol diesel prices completely in short term due to the increase in the cost of this primary transportation fuel which will result in stoke inflation.From the second quarter of fiscal year 2011 the De-regularization of the petrol prices has provided autonomy to oil firms for setting up the petrol prices as the crude oil price rise. In the last two quarter, the prices have been revised 6 times leading to 16 per cent hike in the petrol prices. On the contrary the diesel price witnessed a hike of 4.5 .As per Care, the average fuel price in every km for the diesel car variant is around Rs 1.7 per km which was Rs 3.5 per km for the petrol run car in January 2010. While the price hike for the fuel cost for the petrol variant presently spiked to Rs 5.3 per km, the price for the diesel variant increased only to Rs 2.3 per km. As per Care, the traveling distance is over 30 km per day, manufacturing diesel car models which will be cheaper than the petrol car model.The auto mobile industry is launching a new array of cars in the diesel variant.The auto mobile industry witnessed Volkswagen and Nissan Motors to enter the highly competitive small car segment in India. While the increasing fuel prices will keep the potential customers away.New cars to look forward to this year include Tate Manda Elan, Nissan Sunny, Maruti Cervo, Hyundai Avante, Toyota Etios Liva and Honda Brio and Chevrolet Beat

promblem in supplying management

1. Progressively drastic reforms are yet to be undertaken in public sector corporations
involved in supply of essential commodities like Nepal Food Corporation, National
Trading Limited, and Nepal Oil Corporation. These public sector undertakings lack
output oriented performance and competitiveness and have also suffered from excessive
political interferences. However the existence of the public sector corporations should not
be ruled out completely as they, in unusual circumstances like cartelling or dire scarcity
of essential commodities can act as a relief cushion to augment supply and check price
escalation in the open market.
2. In the context of the liberalization of the Nepalese economy accelerated after 1990,
private sector’s involvement is not encouraged in supply management of essential goods,
specially in food grains supply to remote food deficit districts by providing them with
transport subsidy as given to NFC.
3. Overall lack of geographical connectivity especially in the 30 remote districts of Nepal is
the main problem in supply management of essential commodities.
4. In spite of the existence of Black-Marketing and Certain Other Social Crimes and
Punishment Act, 1975, unscrupulous hoarding and black marketing are not adequately
monitored and enforced by the concerned government agencies.
5. Although Consumer’s Right Protection Act, 1997 and Consumer’s Right Protection Rule,
1999 provide for consumer awareness programme, annual information mechanism and
communication, the same have not been effectively administered and enforced. Currently
the aforesaid Act and Rules contain diminished rights
Forums/Organizations in playing proactive roles in the areas of consumer's rights and
welfare. There is a need to revisit and amend them.





6. Organized Marketing system is not yet established for essential commodities in Nepal.
specially in the remote areas
7. The exiting wholesale markets, mandis and stalls in Nepal are inadequate and ill equipped
in various potential areas of the country. The municipalities lack due attention for
developing markets for agricultural products.
8. Specialized cooperatives and fair price shops are still not in existence for distribution of
essential commodities at subsidized price in the rural and remote areas.
9. Apart from the land locked situation of the country lack of adequate transportation to link
hill with Tarai is a major problem in the supply of essential commodities. This has
resulted in high cost for the movement of goods.
10. Data Bank of essential commodities does not exist for effective supply management
system. Practice of disseminating information on production, shortage, import, export,
buying and selling price of essential commodities is not prevalent.
11. Though Ration Card System was practiced partially for distributing subsidized Kerosene
a year back, an effective Ration card system has not been introduced specially in the
remote areas to ensure supply of essential commodities
12. Lack of proper storage facilities is another major problems faced by all those involved in
supply of essential commodities.




13. Retailers in rural and remote areas are not registered in District Development Committee
(DDC), Village Development Committee (VDC) or Ward offices of VDCs.
14. The presence of road barriers, which stop free flow, and smooth movement of goods
create unnecessary problem including collection of local taxes repeatedly at various
locations.
15. At times of need and in unusual circumstances, and despite factual evidences of shortage
(both actual and artificial), intervention through government agencies is not done in time
16. Food grains are not procured and supplied to the remote districts on time by Nepal Food Cooperation

origination of petrol and it's extraction process

Petrol originally meant ‘mineral oil, extracted from the ground’ (what we would now call petroleum or, more loosely, simply oil); not until the end of the 19th century was it applied to the ‘fuel refined from this’. The word was borrowed from French petrol, which in turn came from Latin petroleum (itself taken over directly into English in the 16th century). This means etymologically ‘rock-oil’. It was formed from Petra ‘rock’ and ileum ‘oil’. Other English words that go back to Latin Petra or its Greek source Petr include parsley, petrify (16^th c.), saltpetre (16^th c.) (so called because it forms a crust like salt on rocks), and the name Peter (a reference to Jesus calling the apostle Simon the ‘rock on which he would build his church’ – hence ‘Simon Peter’

• Fischer-Tropsch Method: It includes a catalyzed chemical reaction of converting methane and coal into various forms of liquid hydrocarbons. Cobalt and iron are the commonly used catalysts in the method. This process helps to produce synthetic lubricants (synthetic petrol) to power automobiles and jets. The technology has been commercialized in Malaysia (Shell) and South Africa (Sasol).
• Karrick Process: The process was developed by Lewis C. Karrick, an oil-shale technologist. It involves low-temperature carbonization (LTC) of carbonaceous materials, such as lignite, coal and shale. These are shielded from air exposure and heated at a temperature between 680°F (360°C) and 1380°F (749°C). This helps to extract oil and gasoline for commercial use.
• Thermal Depolymerization (TDP): The process starts with hydrous pyrolysis, which involves the heating of organic compounds at a high temperature (in the presence of water). This helps in reducing complex organic materials, such as biomass, into light crude oil.

Oil price spikes from 2004 to 2008 led to the growth of alternatives procedures for extracting oil. Popular alternative sources of oil extraction are tar sands and oil shale.

These resources are available in large quantities. However, they are explored rarely due to the high costs and environmental threats associated with them.

pollution cause by petrol

Super unleaded petrol, which accounts for about 8% of petrol sales, is unsafe and should be banned, according to a new report from the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. The commission reveals that unleaded super premium petrol typically has a much higher aromatics content (about 45%) than either premium leaded (about 30%) or premium unleaded (about 33%). The report recommends that the government should act not only to end the sale of unleaded super premium petrol but also to support a reduction in the permitted benzene content of petrol to 1%, from the current average in petrol sold in Britain of 2–3%.

Evidence to the commission from sources including local authorities, environmental pressure groups, and individuals focused on the risk of cancer from exposure to aromatics, such as benzene, which have been linked with cancer and childhood leukemia. Other health concerns include the respiratory effects of exposure to nitrogen dioxide, ground level ozone, and particulates.

The commission's role was to examine threats to the environment and health from the present transport system and, in view of the system's forecast growth, to consider whether present trends are sustainable in the longer term. One of the commission's main objectives is to achieve full compliance by 2005 with the World Health Organizations guidelines for pollutants related to transport.

Another of the report's 110 recommendations is that the differential duty that favors unleaded petrol should be retained. It says: “It is reassuring that emissions of lead from road vehicles have now declined sharply, primarily because of the reduced lead content of leaded petrol.” But other groups, such as the Natural Environment Research Council, believe that lead in the environment is still building up and that lead in topsoil has accumulated over time and shows no signs of diminishing.

The commission found that the highest concentrations of pollutants in the atmosphere occurred at the kerbside of major roads and inside vehicles traveling on major roads. The report says that “there is ground for concern that young children are exposed to high concentrations of pollutants both as passengers in cars and when they are on pavements not far above the height of exhaust pipes.” It recommends that the government should consider making systems that filter the air supply to the interior of cars a standard requirement.

The commission's report has been welcomed by environmental pressure groups, although the Natural Environment Research Council has expressed concern about the health effects of platinum, which is produced by catalytic converters and is appearing in increasing concentrations in road dust. The Department of the Environment is currently funding a study of platinum levels.

The report, which took more than two years to complete, broadly endorses the government's framework for a sustainable transport policy. The commission recommends an increase in the use of cycles to 10% of all urban journeys by 2005, compared with 2.5% now. It also recommends that existing cycle ways should be extended and new ones built. At the same time it targets a reduction in accidents involving pedestrians and cyclists.

disadvantage of petrol

Disadvantage of Petrol Stihl Chainsaws

While most higher quality chainsaws are powered with petrol, a small, but growing, number of manufacturers are making electric chainsaws. With their loud noise and excessive power, petrol chainsaws do have a few unique disadvantages. Most importantly though, will be what you feel comfortable and safe using.

advantage of petrol

Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The term covers solid biomass,  and various .Biofuels are gaining increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes, the need for increased energy security, concern over greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels, and government subsidies.
Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstocks for ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions. Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil.
Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and is the most common biofuel in Europe.

Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008. Investment into biofuels production capacity exceeded $4 billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.According to the International Energy Agency, biofuels have the potential to meet more than a quarter of world demand for transportation fuels by 2050.

Advantages Of Solar Power Over Fossil Fuel

Solar power has two big advantages over fossil fuels. The first is in the fact that it is renewable; it is never going to run out. The second is its effect on the environment. While the burning of fossil fuels introduces many harmful pollutants into the atmosphere and contributes to environmental problems like global warming and acid rain, solar energy is completely non-polluting.
While many acres of land must be destroyed to feed a fossil fuel energy plant its required fuel, the only land that must be destroyed for a solar energy plant is the land that it stands on. Indeed, if solar energy systems were incorporated into every business and dwelling, no land would have to be destroyed in the name of energy. This ability to decentralize solar energy is something that fossil fuel burning cannot match.

Although the initial cost for setting up a photovoltaic system is quite on the high side when compared to other forms of generating electric energy, but on the long run solar energy Electricity generation is better for several reasons. Firstly, fossil fuel which we use presently in electricity generation has been discovered to be diminishing (that is its availability). Secondly, if we compare the cost of running a solar system and the home electricity generator (runs on petrol or diesel) for a span of five years, the cost on that of the petrol or diesel generator is higher than that of the solar electricity generator.
 

Petroleum

petrol is a type of fuel which is needed for the different purpose.As it is used for a different purpose,there is a scarcity of petrol.Nowadays people are becoming so crazy of  using vehicle but as petrol is non renewable source of energy so it's scarcity has create a great problem in the world.If we see in the context of Nepal  there is great scarcity of petrol.As petroleum source is not available in Nepal so this country have to buy petrol from it's neighboring country India.Due to this reason the price of petrol is increasing day by day.People are also not getting petrol by paying the increased amount.They have to stand in the Que for a long time for getting petrol.Sometimes they do not get petrol although they stand on Que.This problem is increasing day by day but the government has not take any action on it.So people of Nepal are facing the problem of petrol.